The ketogenic diet (keto diet) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate eating plan that shifts the body’s primary energy source from carbohydrates to fats, inducing a metabolic state called ketosis. In ketosis, the liver converts fats into molecules known as ketone bodies, which serve as an alternative energy source for the brain and other tissues.
Under normal dietary conditions, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, the body’s main energy source. When carbohydrate intake is significantly reduced, glucose availability decreases, prompting the body to seek alternative energy sources. In response, the liver metabolizes stored fats into ketone bodies—primarily beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), acetoacetate, and acetone—which can be utilized by various tissues, including the brain, for energy.
The ketogenic diet has been used therapeutically, particularly in the management of epilepsy. The exact mechanisms by which ketosis exerts its anticonvulsant effects are not fully understood, but several hypotheses have been proposed:
Membrane Hyperpolarization: Activation of potassium channels may lead to membrane hyperpolarization, stabilizing neuronal activity and reducing seizure susceptibility.
Enhanced GABAergic Transmission: Increased production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could contribute to seizure control by dampening excessive neuronal firing.
Reduced Glutamate Release: A decrease in the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate may help prevent neuronal overexcitation, a factor in seizure development.
Beyond epilepsy, the ketogenic diet has been explored for its potential benefits in various neurological and metabolic disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and type 2 diabetes. The diet’s effects on insulin levels, inflammation, and cellular energy metabolism are areas of active research.
It’s important to note that while the ketogenic diet can offer therapeutic benefits, it may also carry risks and is not suitable for everyone. Potential side effects include nutrient deficiencies, liver problems, and cardiovascular issues. Therefore, individuals considering the ketogenic diet should consult with healthcare professionals to ensure it aligns with their health needs and to receive appropriate monitoring.
